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History of the Turkish 57 rd Regiment-1915
57 nci Türk Alayının tarihi
hikayesi - 1915
İlk
motorlu uçağın uçuşundan yedi yıl gibi kısa bir süre geçtikten
sonra, 1910 yılında uçaklardan askeri amaçlarla yararlanma
düşüncesi ortaya çıkmış ve takip eden yıllarda uçak, yeryüzünde
etkin bir taarruz silahı olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
Dünyadaki bu gelişmeyi yakından izleyen ve önemini değerlendiren
zamanın harbiye nazırı mahmut Şevket paşa’nın direktifiyle, 1911
yılında, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı bünyesinde askeri havacılıkla
ilgili bir şube oluşturulmuş ve Türk askeri havacılığı’nın
temeli olan teşkilat kurulmuştur. Bu yeni silahın edinilmesine
büyük önem veren mahmut Şevket paşa maaşının bir kısmını
bağışlayarak uçak alımı için kampanya başlatmış ve bu kampanyaya
başta padişah sultan Reşat olmak üzere donanma cemiyeti,
subaylar ve bazı zenginler iştirak etmiştir. İki uçaklık para,
kısa zamanda toplanmış ve Fransa’dan biri 25 beygirlik, biri de
50 beygirlik iki uçak satın almıştır.
Havacılık açısından işte böyle bir ortam içinde, 2 ağustos 1914 günü
seferberlik ilan edilmiş ve buna paralel olarak yeşilköy’de bulunan deniz
uçaklarından 2’si İzmir, birisi de Çanakkale müstahkem mevzi komutanlığı
emrine verilmiştir.25 ağustos 1914 tarihinde Çanakkale nara meydanı’na
konuşlandırılan nievport tipi deniz uçağı ile, Deniz Yzb. Sami, Ütğm. Fazıl
ve Ütğm. Cemal’in yaptığı keşif uçuşları sayesinde, bölgedeki İngiliz ve
Fransız gemilerinin faaliyetleri izlenmeye başlanmıştır.18 mart 1915
tarihine kadar olan dönemde yapılan başarılı hava keşif görevleri hem
düşmanın elindeki gemi tip ve miktarını tespit, hem de taarruz
hazırlıklarını devamlı takip imkanı sağlamıştır.18 mart 1915 günü,
havacılarımız erken saatlerde yaptıkları keşif raporunu vermişlerdir.
Copyright© 57 nci Piyade Alayı - 2006 |
TURKISH AIR OPERATIONS DARDANELLES WAR
Plans and
Establishments of the Parties
On Nowember 1914, roughly four weeks after Turkey’s entry into the
First World War on the side of the Central Powers, First Lord of the
Admiralty, winston Churchill, proposed a bold plan. He argued to the war
council that “The ideal method of defending Egypt and the Suez Canal
from an invading Turkish army” was by an attack on the Gallipoli
Peninsula” which, if successful, would enable the British and French
allies to dictate terms of Constantinople. By the 15th of
January, 1915, the war council agreed on a naval expedition with
Constantinople as its objective. (7)
Winston
S.Churchill commented on the benefits of an operations to be conducted
against the Çanakkale strait as follows: “Should this operations
provided the transition from the strait, strategic, diplomatic and even
economic benefits to be gained would be: Constatinople would be under
the control of the allied; contact between the Asian Turkey and European
front would be broke off and thus while the burden of the Russian forces
at the Caucasian front was relieving, the Ottoman State would be forced
to make peace. The Russian ammunition would be used to support both
British and French armies, Russian foreign trade would be protected and
the value of the Russian rouble would be protected against foreign
currency and consequently a positive impact would be realized on the
Balkan States.
Lord Balfour,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that “It is quite difficult to think
of such an hopeful operations.” Military aid to Russia, that Churchill
had mentioned before, was the leading reason for the 18 March campaign.
Because the amount of the Russian weapons began to decrease from the
beginning of the campaign. However, the land and water roads required
for Britain and France to give aid to Russia were closed. Considering
strategic, military, political and economic advantages, the opeing of
the straits was an inevitable alternative for the allied, especially for
Russia’s military situation.(8)
From sirca
September 1914, prior to Turkey’s entrance into war, the Dardanelles
Fortress Command was reinforced by German naval artillerists. Within the
German armed forces the Navy was responsible for coastal defense. Like
naval aviation and personnel of other branches, the artillerists were
assigned to the Special Command of the Imperial Navy in Turkey (Özel
Donanmay-ı Hümayun Komutanlığı). This command was headed by vize Admiral
Guido von Usedom, the senior German naval officer in the Ottoman empire.
The German naval officers in the fortress commands held Turkish army
ranks one grade higher than their naval grade.
Initially, the
German naval artillerists functioned as instructors to the Turkish
gunners, and aided the Turkish Navy in reinforcing and developing the
mine defenses. But during the March 1915 combat with the Allied fleet,
the German naval artillerists manned the guns, and commanded at least
one fort, Fort Dardanos. German naval technical and material aid also
upgraded fire control instrumentation, searchlights, defensive
minefields and signal communications of the coastal forts, and
presumably general command and communications procedures.(9)
The forts at the
Dardanelles were collectively under the command of a Turkish Officer,
Miralai Cevad Bey; this was the Fortress Command, and had a mixed staff
of Turkish and German officers. Command Headquarters was at Çanakkale.
All Turco-German aircraft in the area came under the control of this
command until July 1915, when the army aviation unit, Fliegerabteilung
1, was transferred from Çanakkale across the strait to the 5th
Army.
With the impending
likelihood of an Allied landing on the Gallipoli peninsula, which would
outflank the forts along the strait, the Turkish high command had
created the 5th Army on 25 March 1915. The head of the German
Military Mission in Turkey, then commander of the 1st Army,
General der Kavallerie Otto Limon von Sanders, was given command of the
new army. He sat up his headquarters, initially in the town of Gallipoli
quickly. No aircraft were assigned to his command until July, despite
his complaints.
As for the air
support, Türkish Forces have faced with an important but critical
situation. Against the combined air force of the Allies comprising 40
airoraft, the Turks were relying on Bleriot, Rumpler B.1 and three more
Albatros B.1 aircraft based at Yeşilköy Airfield, whose guality was
still undetermined. Although vast requirement existed for these
aircraft, the transportation of them to the Anatolian territories of
Turkey would take weeks for the reason that the only means for
navigation on a roadless - trackless field was by using camels or two-
wheeled ox - carts. Due to this fact, as of the end of June, the 1 st
Air Force Squadron had only 3 aircraft to operate. During the Dardanelles War, transpotation problem affected the Ottoman Air Forces. The squadron was forced to operate without bombs and spare parts. Problems encountered in the provision of aircraft and spare parts will limit the effectiveness of the Ottoman Air Forces while the war continues. (10)
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